BLACK RESISTANCE HISTORY-
A HALF CENTURY AGO-
NEW YORK SCHOOL BOYCOTTS:
FEB 3, 1964 and MARCH 16, 1964
The Two Massive Walkouts that Set the Political and Mobilization Tone for the Historic Oceanhill-Brownsville/Two Bridges/IS 201 Struggles for Community Control.
In one of the largest demonstrations of the Civil Rights movement,
hundreds of thousands of parents, students and civil rights advocates
took part in a citywide boycott of the New York City public school
system to demonstrate their support for the full integration of the
city's public schools and an end to de facto segregation.
The idea for a
boycott began in the early 1960s, when Milton Galamison, a Presbyterian
minister and former president of the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People's (NAACP) Brooklyn branch, brought
parents, teachers, and local civil rights activists together in a
coalition called the Parents' Workshop for Equality in New York City
Schools. The organization's sole objective was to render the racial
imbalance of African American and Puerto Rican schools by persuading the
New York City Board of Education to implement integration timetables.
After years of unsuccessful lobbying, the Parents' Workshop for Equality
decided to take direct action against the school board and called upon
Bayard Rustin to organize a one-day protest and boycott of the city's
public school system.
With the boycott set for February 3, 1964, Rustin
worked with local Civil Rights organizations to plan the boycott, as
well as local ministers who established freedom schools for
participating students to attend. Response from the African American
and Puerto Rican communities was overwhelming as more than 450,000
students refused to attend their respective schools on the day of the
boycott. In addition, thousands of demonstrators staged peaceful
rallies at the Board of Education, City Hall and the Manhattan office of
Governor Nelson Rockefeller. Despite enjoying broad support, the
boycott failed to force the city's school board to undertake immediate
reform.
Then on March 16, 1964 an interracial group of demonstrators protests de facto school
segregation in New York City, New York, and African American leaders
Malcolm X and representative Adam Clayton Powell speak in favor of the
school boycott.
VIDEO CLIP: http://crdl.usg.edu/cgi/crdl?action=retrieve;rset=001;recno=1;format=_video
This video clip begins with an interracial group of
demonstrators marching down a street holding picket signs. Slogans on
the signs include, "Segregation can't teach democracy," "A good school
for all children," "Jim Crow Donovan Must Go" and a Spanish phrase that
may be translated to "Integration is a great education." The crowd
chants "Jim Crow must go!" The clip goes silent for a few moments during
the march and later as African American students bundled in warm
clothes walk past a fence and into a building. Sound resumes, and women
enter the same building. Later, a crowd stands in front of another
building, many holding picket signs.
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| A PROMOTIONAL FLYER FROM 1964 |
After the demonstration, a
reporter interviews Malcolm X, who says he has come to see segregation
exposed in the New York City school system, proving "you don't have to
go to Mississippi to find a segregated school system." He goes on to
explain that he supports the boycott because it shows that some of the
problems for which the South has been condemned also exist in New York.
Next,
the reporter interviews to Adam Clayton Powell, minister and member of
the House of Representatives. Powell declares that the Urban League, the
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the
Congress of Racial Equality have lost their influence on African
Americans in New York. He claims that those organizations demonstrate
their irrelevance by not coming supporting the school boycott and not
coming to meetings about it.
He claims that young African Americans will
not "let Ivory Tower, big-name Negro leaders control them anymore."
Powell suggests that the next moves are more demonstrations "until we
make democracy work as it should work."
Although discussions of
school integration had been taking place in New York City since 1954,
attempts by the school board to integrate white, African American, and
Puerto Rican schools were stymied by large-scale racial housing patterns
and by white parents moving their children to private schools or to
suburbs. The school board, reluctant to enforce mandatory busing, was
unsuccessful in attempts to integrate schools with voluntary transfer
programs.
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| Rev. Milton Galamison, Rev. Adam Clayton Powell, and Nation of Islam Minister Malcolm X in March 1984. |
African American community leaders, led by Reverend Milton
Galamison, worked with local chapters of the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Congress of Racial
Equality (CORE) to organize a school boycott for February 13, 1964. That
day, nearly forty-five percent of students stayed away from school.
When the school board did not immediately respond to the boycott,
Galamison organized a second boycott for March 16 and began demanding
total, immediate desegregation of the schools with widespread forced
busing.
Leaders of the NAACP and CORE felt Galamison had not given the
school board enough time to work out a solution and did not support the
second boycott. In contrast, Malcolm X and Adam Clayton Powell, seen by
some as more militant in their approach to civil rights, did support the
boycott and Galamison's efforts to force the school board to act. Just
over twenty-five percent of students stayed away from school during the
second boycott on March 16, approximately half the amount of the first
boycott.
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| Civil Rights Activist-Organizer Bayard Rustin in 1964 |
We Can Learn a lot from this period of Struggle for quality racist-free education! How can we mobilize 450,000 students and their parents to boycott the Common Core and High Stakes Testing Madness?
How can we mobilize 450,000 students and their parents to demand that Black and Latino History and Culture be taught as a mandatory requirement for graduation?
How can we mobilize 450,000 students and their parents to demand that the teaching staff be reflective of the racial demographics of New York City?
Learn how we can revitalize a People's Movement for quality public education by joining the Coalition for Public Education (CPE) and attend our public meetings held on the first Thursday of every month at DC37 (Barclay & the Westside Hiway).
Don't come alone! Bring a relatives and friends!
Contact CPE to get involved!
cpe.cep@gmail.com
917.756.6417 • 347.583.5925
